Microplastics such as the carcinogens: from the contaminated nature in the ocegegenc's management |Text for molevy cancer

Anxious environmental pollution of mikrs (deputy) and NPS) has become the main issue of health, which intensified the evidence that depends on the beginning of cancer.This review suggests carefully studying the etiological contribution of ChPS / NP, which identifies the mechanical role-nin patients of deputies / NP.The relevant studies were regularly identified and tested to ensure methodological transparency and quality by the Practical 2020 program.We recently have a few discoveries, including the lungs, collectacal, stomach, oxidation, genotoxicism, and change immune metabolism and change immunity metabolism.Metastases.in in vitro and In Vivo reflected the ability to improve cell cells, cells in cancerous cells changing the ways of changing the road and road resistance routes.Human Biological Matrix, including blood tissue, find male and potential systems.This expertise underlies mechanical concepts of therapeutic significance in this area, which is committed to the lack of current knowledge.Business Biomarker identification of the patient, therapeutic purposes, therapeutic purposion and microfination microfination policy Mixing Health Policy Health Policy Reduction Mixing Health Policy Rules Health Policy Rules of HealthCancer can help the development of cancer prevention and environmental pollution management strategy.

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Microplastics are the new carcinogen: from environmental pollutant to carcinogenic driver

Volume of atoms 24, Papteri Number: 248 (2025)

Large environmental sloping (MPS) and Nanoplasty (NPS) is an important health problem, with higher evidence associated with the cancer budcumulation.This review offers a thorough study of the Mensiological contribution of MPS / NP and Carcinogennese, and also.Recognizable studies have been systematically identified and examine the prism of 2020 recommendations for methistic transparency and quality and quality and quality and quality and quality and quality and quality.We have the last discovery, the pollutes of mascological michological micholic, inappropriate accents, gexes, gexication, gexingMikimmendents produces.It is important that the MPS / NP is expressing different uncognizing, signaling ways, including nk-fb, pi-Β3k / AK.Initial holders who are stuck in the entro systems.The vitorirors of the resistance to the resistance to drugs confirmed in cancer cells.Human impact and potential systemic effects.This engier has inspected mequenistics ideas with dualitical importance, the solution of current gaps in the knowledge.Morbulated study should order the priority of the identification of biomeakers, studies concentrated, the paysome and formation between MPS / NPES / NPECTION.

Background on microplastics: environmental pollutants with serious health consequences

Sipulation is derived and refers from the environment, especially due to the unknown skill of 2015 only, is critical.Plastic is over 20 megatons each year of 2065 mt per year between 155 MT MT every year 155 mt each of the years 155 mt each year of the year [15, 2012, 26.3,000% plastic waste to all Europeans of the Eagle [2].

The most widely used and abundant polymers in daily life are PVC (polyvinyl chloride), PS (polystyrene), PP (polypropylene), PET (polyethylene terephthalate), HDPE (high-density PE), and LDPE (low-D-D-d-density. By these polymers.

It is quickly found in a classi and minor flicksisseThe best plastic plastic is banned at 1-5 before Crcs for the primary NCS produce of limited edge, more than higher farms, high farms, high-quality microbogs.The secondary micro-embarrassed mug made with breaking and dissatisfaction.

Illicit indication of a microplastics reflects polluters, applying the effects of non-systems and hydrons, knees, lichens, lichens, lichens, lichens, lichens, lichens, biadhs, knock, clanks.

Paps are found in many worlds of land, hot water, and great animals.The most impact of wonderful, gastroin and style, tiny tiny and micro-small impacts are disturbing.[16] In the youngest of the youngest son (18, 18), people have a man who had spent the restored (18, 20).

The average daily use of the minimum, MPPS eating bottles is 1,580,000, including children's water, and between 48,000 52,000 MP in the middle of MP mode, 94,000-114,000 MP is growing when they are examining all items [23].

Microplastics have good things in different media.Microplastics are considered to be land land, such as hydrophobic..Nitrogen, Licocoana-Holoko Tsa Metlona Le Li-Fangs Tse Micorhida Ts Limella Ts Limella Ts Limella Ts Limella Ts Limella Ts Limella Ts Limella Ts Limla Ts Limla Place of Playcolor Playcolor PlaycolorThis can be condemned in highlighting the Placecratcher masses.Cleansing, sovets, assemblies are evaluated for digestion of digestion, digestion, flowing into some body parts.35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35,35

The scale of important discoveries and micronutrients classification

Plastic history is a scientific character, characterized by a series of groundbreaking, which is transformed materials Scientia.in, the German pigmentaries, the first discovered poly, polymer and later the cornerstone of the modern package and in the stage for the development of the development of a synthetic polymer with Alexander Pares.

18722 in other materials continues in the product of polyzes, in a, accident, crash, crash, crash, crash, crash, crash, crash, crash, accident) in the 1872, crash, accident)In accidental (s) in accidental (s) in the accident (s) in a, crash (Call) in a, crash (Call) in a, crash (s) in a, crash (Call) in Counter (Call) In Counter (Call) in Counter (Call) in Counter.Van Canton Kanks, a Germanian (HDSTYYYY) the correct statements () of the correct amount of (PLETY) (PLETRODUMAN) is found with the first () Raidrotum (PP).

The term “microplastics” was first coined in 2004 by Professor Richard Thompson of the University of Plymouth, marking a pivotal moment in environmental science as researchers began to recognize the pervasive presence of microscopic plastic particles in natural ecosystems. Notably, microplastics were first identified in human placenta samples, raising serious concerns about their potential impact on human health [18]. These polymers, once celebrated for their durability and versatility, have now become a global environmental challenge. As they degrade, they transform into microplastics, which persist in ecosystems, accumulate in water bodies, and infiltrate soil. These tiny particles pose a significant threat to marine life, terrestrial organisms, and human health, primarily due to their ability to absorb and transport toxic chemicals. The historical timeline of the evolution and impact of microplastics is comprehensively depicted in Fig. 2.

Deetutures / NPS in human views

MPS has been repeated (<5 mm) within environmental conditions and mankind raises stress in the world. "The important difference in size, form and polymers found in humans.15 One μm, usually found in the skin of skin and skin products [46].Studies have discovered more than 45 different polymers, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene ereteptate (EVA),. For example, the pp are well used inTanks and tanks drink, while the Polyvinyl Tank is purchased from the tube with Physical devices [48, 49].

Microplastics (MPS) have been found in the biological number of more than 15 people, indicating their widespread occurrence and potential health effects.These include blood, placenta, liver, lung, spleen, breast milk and stools [50, 51].1.6 UG/ml, PET, PE and PS, which prevail polymers [19].Other studies were also reported on 3 ms/g of a worrying analysis in the placenta and meconium, which are important evidence of exposure before birth [17, 18].Relative studies also showed 39 people [52]

Bu yaxınlarda, insanların carcinenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogenogen yaddaşa səbəb ola biləcək şok bir dəlil var idi.Carcinogeneis can be unique as genotoxic and cinotoxic [14].Compounds (Hocs), PolicyClic Hydrocarabones (POPS) and persistent pollution (pops).

Intercellular errors can cause non-genotoxic carcinogens. In this context, the lethal potential of estrogenic compoundsand/or transfer that interacts with the cell's estrogen receptors.Adding cell sectionsand the introduction of non-genotoxic carcinogens [14] cadmium, PFA, flame and bisphenol, as well as additives such as phthalates, in exchange for most of them being endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which may increase the risk of breast cancer by acting at low concentrations, such as estrogen [14] airway obstructions.and disrupts the biological function of the lung crown.Lung epithelial cells exposed to microplastics undergo apoptosis and proliferation is prohibited.Resulting in lung cancer [57] Regular physiological processes of the bodyEspecially in the large intestine and rectum.This may interact with the mucus layer that protects the colon from damage.and results in colon cancer [14]

Effect of heavy metals on MP-bioactivity

Pollution of serious metals are gained international attention in recent decades.Although it does not seem to be the new contaminants global looks in years, plastic polymers are used for many years;Therefore MPs / NMPS and heavy metals have likely always been in a large basis of environment.Although their mechanisms trade and impacts combined with their MPs and MPS is not well -inkown.And the late arrest of international attention [58] .Shton and al reported interaction between MPs and after that some of the local interaction between the three kinds of generations in MPs and HG, PB, Cr, AG and HG [59,60,61,63].At the same time it is noted that the Grave MPs in the original MPs in the original MPs.There is almost the force, while in MPS Praiados / eroded / resisted, as well as changed in the addition of organic material, are capable accumulanting heavy metals.Direct compromise between MPs and heavy metals reflects mainly for interaction between MPs and heavy metals under-free contact conditions, usually in a liquid environment.Surface complexions: a primary mechanism to adsorption of heavy metal ions.heavy metals relate to polar (or deputies loaded by Coulombic interaction [64, 65]; (2) MPS Create new complexes by sorting and / or biofilmas and natural organic matter, which lead to the altered surface [66.67,68.69]; Next to hydraichthe oxidesOf Faith and MN.That the MPs's Novion, particle composition, a trapped contaminants, the affected organs and personal vulnerability;real fears of co -exposure to MPs and heavy metals in men, their impacts clearly follow.[72,73,74] .Aprates the entire ecosystem.

MP-MP- the ability to grow the environment to grow old

The aging of the environment and the weather is fully converted to physics's physics properties often increase their lives and ecological toxicity.75] .fit physics Philippine changes (MP) has a significant impact on the biological, environmental sound and organisms.Increase the improvements of biogas and transport in ecosystems, very modified land, which also affects the formation of diverse cooking, which could happen in the production of nutrients in the water system (77).

Recent studies have shown that old microplastic shows significant changes to their morphology and surface characteristics, such as specific surfaces, hydrophobicity and functional groups, which can affect their ability to absorb organic contaminants.However, the aging of microplastic is not very much understood in the mechanism, especially in the environmental environment, which affects the source of these contaminants.System [] 78].The aging process of microplastic was modeling using a combination of ultraviolet iridation and persulfate oxidation techniques.This aging caused significant changes in the surface properties of the microplastic, in which a decrease in hydrophobicity and an increase in a specific surface area and an increase in oxygen functional groups.These changes are mainly due to electrostatic interaction in microplastic and aging products.As a result, aging increased the absorption capacity of microplastic, hydrogen bonding and-2 interaction recognized as the main mechanism that promotes this society.Future research should prioritize the long -term consequences of the microplastic of aging on the ecotoxicological results of bioeocracy and organic pollutants []]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]Microplastic, the most obvious changes in the size of the particles, surface morphology, functional groups and thermal stability, indicated that photographs play-oxidative degradation play a significant role in the climate of microplastic.The challenges in the microplastic wedding study are caused by the differences in microplastic and soil density as well as high stable charges created during friction.Ultraviolet radiation is known for launching a free radical attack in polymer matrix, which causes the chain sketch, followed by hydraulitis and oxidation.Environmental conditions and climate processes can significantly change the toxicity profile of microplastic.Therefore, it is serious that ecotoxicological evaluations used old microplastic to accurately evaluate their effects on organisms.Although the microplastic is widespread in the human body and in the human body and outdoor exposure to the human body and outdoor exhibition.(225) suggests that long -term exposure to microplastic in the environment affect cancer patients and immune cells.Reaction.Although recent studies have underlined the role of microplastic in the growth of cancer and the role of metastasis in animal models, the specific properties of microplastic contributing to these effects are not yet less understood.

MP / NP- Worst Convention: The role of size, loading and polymer

Physical and nasophetical features, surface measures, surface prices, including a variety of land or negative more or negative remaining or negative more powerful or negative moreists.The tuned and different substances engines alone, as polyethylene (patterns and infinity, increased health and social, and this discovery must be more effective.

New link between microplastics and cancer

He recently warned evidence that Members' long -term influence could be examined by MPS's carcinogenic potential.To do: Charkanesis is widely classified as genotoxic and non -genotoxic [93].Hydrocarbons (PAHS) [94, 95].

Errors during cell division may lead to non-toxic carcinogenesis.Within this context, MPS have the ability to cause inflammation and/or induce estrogenic compounds that interact with estrogen-based receptors by increasing the cell surface [14].Smiles allow heavy metals like cadmium, PFAS, flame retardants, and BPA to escape, as well as additives like phthalates.Many are endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCS), which may increase cancer risk, and microplastics damage cellular structure, disrupt airway barrier function, and interfere with the biophysical function of lung surfaces.At an increasing age and in larger quantities.As organs move through the digestive tract, they come into contact with normal natural processes in the body, especially in the colon and rectum, where they can interact with the mucus layer that protects the colon from damage and give rise to a colon.

The year 2020, international moments are known for 9.958,133 dead and have mental illness, during breast disease), during the Blarocan 202014, as a pesticide region.Death (18%), breast cancer-in the body.cologity, prostate, and abbreviations from eight-handed cancer.

Although there are many books that have talked about many micron or nanoparticles, these are just a few stories that we have discussed in our detailed service of MPS/NPTO expertise due to Revelation.

Looking point and quality to choose literature

The choice will have been published papers, published papers on vacaltical cancer, Hallysclatry of the Royal Highteh of Carsaluly Made reduce.Papse highlighting mycplesics/nanoplastics (MP/NP) - INSUCEPTION IN USED IN 99].Study in the following criteria (Mpoplasts and cancer- (i) study in the vito in the Banto or related human systems, gexicituos, genericity, intention- the maximum availability of text.

Exclusion criteria include: (i) non -mps/NP or cancer tests;(ii) conferences extractions, publishers, perspectives or comments that do not have original data;relevant end points;and (VI) there is not enough information about the physical chemical properties of the pollutants.

All references were imported into EndNote (version 21.5) for rejection and blind screening of titles and abstracts using the Rayyan QCRI platform.

Data extraction and classification

All eligible studies underwent detailed screening, and relevant data were systematically extracted using a standardized Microsoft Excel template to ensure consistency and comparability. The extracted parameters included: author(s), year of publication, experimental design (in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo), model system employed (human, animal, or cell-based), microplastic or nanoplastic type, polymer composition, particle size, exposure concentration, duration and route of exposure, target cell or tissue, and reported cancer-related endpoints (e.g., reactive oxygen species [ROS] generation, DNA damage, inflammatory markers, cellular proliferation, or tumorigenesis). To facilitate meaningful interpretation, the biological responses observed in each study were categorized into five distinct toxicity levels: non-toxic, slightly toxic, toxic, size-dependent toxic, and concentration-dependent toxic. This classification allowed for comparative insights into how physicochemical properties and exposure parameters modulate the oncogenic potential of MPs/NPs across diverse biological systems.

The result of the analysis

A total of 4,705 articles were rigorously screened and screened;The literature search was conducted through various databases and additional searches.Removal of 1268 duplicates revealed 3,437 records based on title and abstract.Full-text articles were assessed for eligibility.Rules of 172 articles were excluded from review, did not contain cancer-related information and/or did not mention micro/nano plastics or were filtered through language/accessibility.Image.Dokazi shows greater interest in the carcinogenicity implications of micro/nanooplasty and mentions the need to focus further research towards this future field of environmental oncology.

Important oncogenic signaling causing cancer

The series of environmental work mattresses is an adjacent and a starting cell experience, which has been awarded for an independent development..The carcinogens can be processed as an initiator or publisher, depending on whether they are able to change in a normal cell.

Chemicals and agents have potential genotoxicity: primary, where the molecule acts on target cell and has a strong impact on the high-end response.The decline of immune, including an endocrine regulation, mitogenicsignaling and epigenetic changes, under genotoxics, and some of them are unknown [92, 102, 104].

In cancer, various cellular processes and signaling pathways play important roles in tumorigenesis and disease progression (Figure 4).The cell cycle, regulated by various checkpoints and control mechanisms, can be dried, leading to the product.Cell,differentiation and organ size control often translate into cancer,,affecting tissue homeostasis and tumor development [106].

Mycsignalling, a key regulator of cell growth and propagation, is often excessively expressed or deregulated in cancer cells, promoting the division and survival of aberrant cells (94).The notch signaling, which is important for determining the fate of cells and modeling the tissues, is often dysregulated in cancer, thereby contributing to tumor growth and metastases.The oxidative response to stress mediated by the NRF2 path becomes dysregulated in cancer, which affects the balance of cell redox and promotes tumor development.The signaling of Pi-3-chinase, which is involved in cell growth, survival and metabolism, is often hyperactive in cancer, thereby promoting tumor growth and resistance to therapy.

Tyrosis Tyrosis (RTK), and the most important way, change the German of Division, Gadai Centers Division positions, must develop the Division of Clinical Intervention [95].

Ficat Putreveway helps communicate between parts, breast cancer and gontercase cancer, some [up to 6]].Ram-Raff-Make, as well as a car, is also known as a notice mode, Kalerens (107]. Includes mite, eight stress and proffos, sales, cell families, such as very important cells, seals, seals, (2) C-jickinal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminalN-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-terminal N-Terminal P38, and (49]. Capradi ticket cards (map color) are often activated by cellular receptors and regularly regulated the events of phosphovia, often noticed in different human beings to the power of power.

Between families in the male, erc2 and erk2 and erk2 has learned so much in the survival of their slash and p3.

The signal cascade is widely studied, which is widely focused than the notch signaling path, which plays a key role in many human cancer pathogenesis, including lung carcinomas, cervical, colon, pancreatic and kidney [108].

In particular, the Notch-1 expression and Ligand Rugged-1 intensifies severe practical relations with high practical results with high practical results.Proteolytic events.Receptors indentations include three domains domains, three domains domains.Transported from the cell surface.When Ligand arrives in Ligand, ED receives second surgery, ED, is experiencing the play of the TACE (Non-Transport Enzyme).

This cleavage occurs in the extracellular substance between Ala (1710) and Val (1711) residues, which are reselected by transbrain fragments.Mediated by the intramembrane γ-secretase complex, this proteolysis releases the intracellular notch (NiCD), through which it transiently regulates the gene expression of downstream target genes, including HES-1, HEI-1, actin, and prey.It is an essential part of cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation. The 4th edition summarizes the complex network of oncogenic signaling pathways that are highly deregulated in cancer and play important roles in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis.

Spatial distribution of microplastics in cancer cells and tissues

MP / NP signals and accumulation in cells

Micro-Palotstest and Nano Portandin can access the cell in a number of paths, mainly in size and cell type [15].The main absorption is incorrect include:

Expected immune cells (e.g. macrophage, neutrophils, dendritic cells) can endure larger microplastics (usually> 0.5 μm) through phagocytic receptors [111].This active process internalizes larger particles in the phagos, which are often associated with lysosomes to test damage.

Penasisitis / Andocoatosis

Tiny particles (<0.5 μm) is easily caused by simple cells through the endocrycting Clathrin and Caveyolinangs as one Endindosis in a single cell.

Cells can also absorb fluids and particles non-selectively through actin-derived folds (macropinosomes).This pathway can internalize bulk submicron plastics.(Notably, macropinocytosis has been considered in an intestinal cell model, but has been largely excluded in favor of other pathways [112]. However, many cancer cells exhibit micropinocytosis [113], so may contribute to MP uptake into tumors.

Nanometers nanometers can sometimes enter directly into cell membranes."

In one parts, one of the micro / Nurtors is often collected instead of eliminating friirs.This burden can be living and preaching the burden on / 82].Wopolava is better.

Laboratory studies with cultured cancer cells and 3D tumor spheroids allow the detection of microplastic localization at the cellular level.For example, the human colorectal cancer cell lines (e.g. HCT116, ht29) have V-internalized polystable cells up to 1 μm and even 10 μm, but 0.1-0.5 μ Nanoplastika can be best incorporated [82].SODRA is internalized, these particles live mainly in the endosome/lysosome vesicular compartment in the cytoplasm and activate certain cellular functions [15].shown to spread, and they tend to accumulate in the spheroidal core, the nutritionally limited, nonproliferating region.Cells at the periphery (actively proliferating) have internalized particles and, as they divide, transferred some to their offspring, but a significant proportion of particles ultimately remained in the central cells, leading to a higher concentration of MPs in the interior of the spheroids [82].One hypothesis is that restricted diffusion and a lack of cell division-mediated rarefaction in the nucleus causes particles to become 'trapped'.This indicates that micro/nanoplasty outside the cells within cells can disrupt active cellular functions (through oxidative stress or signal transduction).Inflammatory signals are released.For example, human macrophages exposed to MPs adopt a pro-inflammatory, metabolically active condition, which may influence the behavior of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and thus tumor inflammation [ 115 ].Organoids can invade mainly into vesicular compartments (especially lysosomes) and concentrate in certain cellular subpopulations (quiescent or migratory cells).

Localization at the tissue level: evidence from human samples

Dokazi u nastajanju pokazuju da mikropessicks može širiti ljudsko tijelo i fokusirati se na nekoliko bolesnih tkiva, a najnovije studije su fokusirane na rashladnu i mozgu, ubijajući 116,11,118,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,119,129,119,119,119,191.Tissue tissue tissue trends greater than heavy (290 ~ 181 μg / g), with particles (290 ~ 290 ~ 290 ~ 290 ~ 290 ~ 290 ~ 290 ~ 290 ~ 290.) was an obstacle to large microforres, barriers in tumor tumor and tumor tumor.False drainage allows other mornings (more than improved creations) to wear other healthy tissues and tuberculous inflammation "stuck" can be compared to the walls of the General Bhhandele of the General Bhhandeels.MANTERHE Paini tissues and employment of simple TZZVCA, a music sample in [121] was present in the average tissue, indicated that roomy tissues (contrary and distribution can distribute more concentrations in multiple concentrations than [121] baptism.

These findings are shown or brought in a small figure, microductory and extraordinary altings, with a form of patients who have been injured or abnormal tissues in fluids.Reports even ignore macroklope products with a large number of circumstances such as influomic impel, fiberque extension and finally reinger. [123].

Evidence from the Vivo study

The sacking studies have proved that the microplastic microplasticity or dividly divided bye, with the highest loading frequently in spending him and amhune parts.Huge 20 μm showing different opponents of Joan) ". In the meantime, nanoplaster cream, Nanoplastas nnoplatus, nanoplastas a bitter, nanoplastas, leading to the strong implementation, thatyori isọdọtun ti pro-Tumor [126]. ni nkan ṣe pẹlu pubragnsis [127, 128]. Commumiguliscations ti macroplastics ni awọn ẹya pataki bi ọra inu egungun, o le ṣe agbekalẹ eewu nla. ati lyphhoma [129].

Microplastics in the microenvironment collect local patterns.

Tumors are a pulocal ecosystem of poor blood cells and blood vessels (130, 131. Communication with TMIN.

Members are effectively exposed to macrophages, which can pass through the immunotetabolic reforms of exposure, introduced by increased glycolysis, facial molecules and cytokine release [115].Macrophages (TAM) related to such cancers, which is located in parliament and becomes metabolic [115] .yang et al.Al. This also showed that the MP of phagocytosis and macrophages led to glyolitic changes and cyto -production, supporting active but dysfunctional work [115].

Fibroblasts internalize MPs, inducing ROS production, ER stress, and upregulation of profibrotic genes such as PAI-1 and collagen I [134].MPs also induce fibroblast-to-myofibroblast transition (α-SMA, pro-collagen Iα), altering ECM dynamics [135].

MPAP I et tenacesive moleculis, lemamine, Lemnine, Leamil, Leimil, Leamil, Leamil, Leamil, Leamil, eleganta, Tissuas, Tissae, Tissarius, Tissar, Lamdon).

MPs promote endothelial inflammation and dysfunction, identified by regulation of the adhesion molecule and cytokines secretion [138].These changes can initiate anxioxenesis and tumor coagulopathy through routes such as Jak1/Stat3 [139].

Worship together, hospitality of TMM, the spex of a Niko can be polite in the progress of cancer.

Microplastic location within the tumor architecture

Intracellular vs Exchange Localization

MPs are mainly located in burning and endosomes in cells.Larger particles do not enter the grains, but can cause swelling or cracking.

The Most Important Webmail Methods

In the colon or wings of the lungs, MP may remain at the tumor-lumor-lumor-lumore-lumor-lumor-lumor-lumor-lumor-lmen interfaces, particularly on the al rete.The epielic journey of multiple sclerosis into human brain organs (141).

.

(C) Stem cells: Tumor and physiological stem cells, such as those in the intestine or perivascular regions, are vulnerable to MP deposition.MPs have been detected in bone marrow [129], and Rafazi et al.in 3D fairing models shot down by AGS [143].

Therefore, the spatial distribution of microplastics in tumors is not random.MPs tend to localize at epithelial interfaces, in stromal and immune compartments, and near stem cell niches, regions of high biological activity, or compromised barriers.These interactions can alter the tumor microenvironment, potentially influencing tumor progression and therapeutic response.

Accumulation of microplastics in different types of cancer

New findings demonstrate the presence and differential accumulation of microplastics (MPs) in various human tumor tissues and suggest a potential environmental factor contributing to cancer development and progression.A recent groundbreaking study by Zhao et al.(2024) provided the first comprehensive quantification and characterization of MPs in several human cancer tissues using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) [116].The study analyzed tumor samples from 61 patients diagnosed with lung, stomach, colon, cervical, pancreatic and esophageal cancers and revealed different patterns of MP accumulation in different cancer types.Several other recent studies, most of which were published in 2025, also showed MP accumulation in various cancers, such as breast, penile and colitis-related cancers.colon (CAC), etc. etc. Examples of cancer tissue from patient samples found to have positive MP enrichment are summarized as follows:

Zhao et al.Lung cancer textiles showed the highest MPs, with 80% of MPS-positive samples, as reported by [116].Polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPS) was the most dominant polymer, with concentrations ranging from 72.89 to 72 .MPS in lung tissues is likely attributed to the respiratory tract, with inhalation of MP being the primary route of exposure.Skond Kelly et al., Microparticles are generally divided into four categories based on their size: particles greater than 10 μm, particles less than 10 μm, particles less than 0.1 μm.Particles larger than 10 µm when inhaled often accumulate in the upper respiratory tract due to their size.In contrast, particles smaller than 10 μm can reach the bronchioles, while those below 2.5 μm, including ultrafine particles, are capable and others measuring 5-30 mm can remain in the upper respiratory tract and enter the nose and mouth.Particulate matter (pm) between 1 and 5 μm tends to accumulate in smaller respiratory tracts, while ultrafine MPs (<0.1 μm) can be in the bloodstream and accumulate in lung tissue [145].

Panpair Tissues Shower Showen 70 -percent detects rate for MPS.The CyTotoxic vaccines such as CD8 + T cell, NK cells and cells reduced, presence of neutrophil.

Colorectal cancer tissues exhibited a 50% detection rate of MPs, predominantly comprising PS and polyethylene (PE), with concentrations varying from 10.22 to 41.57 ng/g tissue. These findings are significant given that dietary intake is considered a major route of MP exposure, and the colon is directly exposed to ingested MPs [116]. Interestingly, another seminal study by Pan et al. (2025) investigated the role of microplastics (MPs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and oxaliplatin resistance, employing clinical samples, in vitro assays, and in vivo models [142]. Using laser direct infrared (LDIR) imaging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), MPs were detected for the first time in human CRC tissues, with polymer types including polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which indicated a positive correlation between the quantity of MPs and tumor malignancy, particularly with advancing Dukes’ stages of CRC, suggesting a potential role of MPs in tumor progression. The study also revealed that MP-exposure induces protective autophagy in CRC cells through the activation of the mTOR/ULK1 signaling axis. The in vivo experiments using xenograft and azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium (AOM/DSS)-induced CRC mouse models corroborated the in vitro findings. Oral administration of MPs promoted tumor growth, enhanced autophagy markers in tumor tissues, and diminished the antitumor efficacy of oxaliplatin. Moreover, MP-treatment resulted in intestinal inflammation, disruption of the gut barrier, and significant alterations in gut microbiota composition, characterized by an increase in harmful bacteria such as Clostridiales sp. and Lachnoclostridiumsp [142]. These findings highlight MPs as emerging risk factors for CRC aggressiveness and chemoresistance. As mentioned by Maciel-Fiuza et al., exposure to MNPL in the intestine can trigger an inflammatory cascade that disrupts mucosal immunity, alters the gut microbiota, and impairs the function of intestinal immune cells. These disturbances may collectively contribute to the development of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), as well as colorectal cancer (CRC) [146].

Zhao et al. reported that in gastric cancer tissue, the MP irradiation rate reached 40% using PS and polyvinyl chloride (PVC), also called primary polymer [116].The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is an important challenge to study the absorption rate of nanoplastics.Upon injection, nanoparticles undergo various changes that can affect their rate and rate of absorption.Ions and water can affect their behavior and absorption.The ability of nanoplastics to enter the intestinal epithelium is of major concern as it could potentially result in systemic contact in humans.Oral bioavailability is 10 and 100 times higher than that of microplastics (2-7%).However, as with microplastics, there is no smooth or direct relationship between the size, structure, and absorption rate of nanoplastics [147].

Zhao et al.The association of cancer rates is most likely to be compared with other cancers (aka, Poly Al., MPS) and tissue cancer, showing the power of work in healthcare [118, 11.a.Payers are also part of their planning rate in the tissue of their research and their physical cervical cancer costs.Xu et al.mps detect, nerves in the semi-polyethylene (polypropylene and polyerstaylene, with an image of bloodshed in different shapes) knowledge, suggest that the same high.o Obviously MPS <50 μm goes beyond the flesh of the tissue.We-to the same extent that faces the cacti and cervical cancer [119].to make it a lot (2.24 ± and the study leads to cervicism causing cerbilli metabolism. And what it means for two infections. The MPS major work shows plastic commitments marked by MPS search services. This search for the health of MPS MP and gynecology.

A recent survey has been in creating the intention of the monitoring (125).NM Polysstyenterrerere Particles, Inwardly MdC-Mdadadididids A2 (Axa2)) AspooCreal-mw-mw-mw-mw-mw-mw-mwDisposition, Rising Oxygainble Special Oxygen OxyGainble Oxygainble's Oxygainble (Irish) गरन गदैदैयीैलैलदैदैयीैलैल गरmp bl.Although the restrictions on the transfer of the sample size and patients are long in Dysfuncunit as a new route in Dyfuncunit.

Recently Wang and Colib provided the first eyewitnessing of the microplastic accumulation (MP) in the Human Penis Cancer (PEC).Estimate tissue samples from 17 PEC patients to find and classify MPs in both malignant (CT) and adjacent normal tissue (ANT).The main polymer polymer (PE), polypropylene (PP) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are mainly in 20-50 measurements.μm.The outcome showed much more abundant and a variety of parliamentarians in the life -threatening tissues than non -cancer tissue, a average of 7.43 cells/grams, 5.07 cells/G.Although the distribution of MPs in both CT and Ant is stable, the CT has shown significantly higher diversity and abundance, which indicates the involvement of MPPS in tumor micro -namuna or cancer progress [150].In this study, Wang and Colab.Microplastics (MPPS) using LDIR spectroscopy to evaluate normal cancer and adjacent tissue samples and examined the presence and symptoms of the human penis.The results are highlighted in the most common varieties of cancer tissues and highlighting a variety of MPs, the most common varieties of polyethylene (PA), polyamide (PA) and polymous vinyl chloride (PVC) are the mainstay of sizes.20-50 μm.What is important is that members of Parliament are more widely spread in cancer tissues and are different from the type and distribution compared to the adjacent normal tissues.These innovations indicate that members of Parliament can accumulate in cancer tissues, raising concerns about their implications [121].

In the near future, microphone (MPS) are found in human form, which shows the connection between MPS's appearance and cancer.Deng et al.(2024).(122).With the help of high-quality visits, including a Nchience LaperTchesCopy (Palm), polypropylen (PP-PP), polyiplyenene), polyprathylene) maskThe ones who are known in cancer, tumors), polyvinil chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (psy)Polystyrene (PS) was well known in a tissue of tissue, which shows the connection that is a change in a change.Smorage foods, and emphasizing the lifestyle of the life of the man, which makes the gnadies to be difficult, discern of the prosts of the Post Al., Then the first pickets, with the rounds and swollen sights.The most popular, followed by polypropyene, polyarcric acid and polydimeloxxxed [151].To be popular to the stops in different conditions and now in different and behaviors and behaviors of a person's body and anxiety, a question describing the Particle that promotes the next research.

This accumulated evidence strongly indicates that MP can accumulate in different types of cancer, which may affect tumor biology through immunomodulation, reprogram metabolic and cell stress.In particular, studies have used a number of (LDIR) visualization and scan of electron microscopy (SEM) to detect and characterize delegates in human tissues.Although these methods provide valuable information on the LAS on MP, polymer type and localization, they often have problems with the detection of particles under 20 μm or quantitative assessment.The urgent need for the development of more sensitive, standardized and high -performance utensils with MP, taking into account the tissue of cancer.The selection of cancers analyzed in this section is based on assessed clinical studies, in which microplastics were found in the tissues of crops obtained by the patient, using the above methods.Epidemiologically acquired relative risk (RR) or chances of coefficients (or) that associate the MP/NP impact directly on human cancer results.The considered types of cancer were therefore selected on the basis of published reports confirming the detection of micro or nanoplasty in tumor samples.Studies note that higher loads on MP in the tumor compared to non -tumor tissues and positive correlation with the stage of the disease and aggressive tumor.These conclusions indicate a possible dose and response, which guarantees future long -term cohorts to determine the final risk assessments.MPs as potential oncological factors of risk or diagnostic indicators.Important information about the cases of cancer caused by MP/NP invested in Table 1.

Mechanical knowledge of the participation of microplastics in cancer: in vitro and in vivo elements

The last world of the health care organization in the natural and emitium environment in the environment and the epilkate in the environment and an epilkate, eventually causing the fabric.

ROS and RNS can damage stem cells that began to renew the nuts, and genetic changes can accumulate the cells caused by cancer.If the danger is a muscle, inflammation can cause damage and fix damage in dimension and lead to fibrosis and cancer [155].Furthermore, symptoms to avoid relief and develop medical shapes, as well as other symbol songs and 157].Besides, fifths mentioned earlier, destroy changes that can be stolen in the starting carcinogenenis car.

Whitro studies associated with cell lines

The role of microplastics and nanoplastics in the beginning and the progression of cancer is a developing field of research.Despite their broad environmental existence, the cellular mechanisms that parliamentary members and NPS affect carcinogenesis are not misunderstood.In their cells, their paths, and their influence on the gene.However, there is still a limited understanding of how legislators and NPS affect key oncogenic processes, including cell proliferation, inflammation, oxidative stress and metastery.

et et al al al. "First, Adenocarcinoma Adenocarcinoma, when exposed to Nanoooooooooplastic (PS-NS-1). In addition to the display of C-myc oncogene. It should be noted that the C-Myc is very relevant to the methalms, which has been reported by the Biogas, the Biogenic stimulus of the RRNA and the Biogen Rules in many gastric cancer networks AG MKN1, MNN45, NCI-N87 ak Katoiii [160] Siplemantè koleksyon an tout antye de cheve.

In a comprehensive study with human lung alveole epithelial cells, A549, Xu et al.(2019) reported that PS-NPs (25 Nm and 50 Nm size) significantly up the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, NF-κB and TNF-α [160].In an interesting finding, Han et al revealed that integrins α5β1 facilitates the internalization of PS-NPs in lung cancer cells, which in turn triggers oxide stress and inflammation [161].A study by Cheng W et al revealed the adverse effects of PS NPS in In Glass 3D Model using liver organides (LOS) generated by human pluripotent cells [162].Additionally, after 48 hours of exposure, organoids made of human embryonic H1 cells treated with polystyrene microplasts (PS-MPS) have demonstrated dose-dependent growth of the inflammatory biomarkers Col1A1 and IL-6 [163].Cox et al., 2019 study reported an exhibition dose of microplastics (MPS) in drinking water at an exhibition dose of 100 µg/l and 1000 µg/L were determined.Based on the registered water consumption and body weight, both low-dose and high dose groups of rats had similar daily consumption of water (5-7 ml) and body weight (27 g).Taking 5 ml of water and 27 g body weight as an example, the estimated MP consumption for the low-dose and high dose groups were 0.5 μg respectively.per day and was 5.0 μg/day.These sums correspond to exhibition doses of 18.5 μg/kg/day and 185 μg/kg/day.The higher dose approximates the lower level of human MP consumption in daily life (175 μg/kg/day) [23].The increased oxide stress and inflammatory response caused by PSMPL, along with other study results, LEDs scientists consider different adverse effects.The results led to the identification of roads (AOP220 and AOP38, respectively), which signal liver cancer and risk of fibrosis.Because synthetic items less than 150 microns in size can penetrate the gastrointestinal epithelium of mammals and cause a systematic exposure, people can absorb these items after ingesting them.The above items are small factions (0.1%), consisting of items larger than 10 microns, they are thought to be able to navigate through the blood-brain barrier and the placenta as well as through organs and cell membranes [164].Scientists estimate that only 0.3% of the associated items will be absorbed.Analytical and technological advances in the extraction, characterization and quantification of micro-plastos and nano plastic from the environmental matrix difficulties have resulted in a lack of evidence of their presence in the environment.

Three lessons for seeking cellular converts to consider the potential risk of MNSPLs on Vitrows.Explanation of Explolges Renews the urge to clarify the prescribed information (0.05 μg / ml) including [Cancer Cancer Cancer in Male, including cancer.The lower PS-NPS doses were designed to represent nanoplastics (16 and 10 mg / kg body weight / day).And 10 mg / KG / kg / kg / kg / kg / kg / kg oral exposure did not match Punaronanival results.

The same group also showed that early tumoral phenotypic biomarkers might be changed by being subjected to the same NPs over a longer duration of time (24 weeks) [165]. Significant alterations in stress-response-related genes were detected, including the notable upregulation of Gstp-1 and downregulation of Sod1, Sod2, Pgp, Nrf2 and Keap. Furthermore, a disruption in a cluster of microRNAs closely associated with the oncogenic process was observed, encompassing miR-203, miR-34a, miR-502, miR-218, miR-210, miR-200a, miR-199b, miR-155, miR-148b, miR-135b, miR-96, miR-30c, miR-30d, miR-25, miR-23a, and miR-2, respectively. The cells treated with PS-NPs for 24 weeks resulted in an aggressive tumoral phenotype, which included elevated capacity of invasion, alterations in pluripotency markers (downregulated Sox2 and upregulated Oct3/4, Notch2, Nanog, and Klf4), and the creation of tumorspheres. Moreover, a notable increase was observed in the number of colonies capable of proliferating in soft agar, alongside enhanced cellular migration capability. Conversely, Kim et al. investigated carcinogenicity-associated endpoints in human gastric cancer cell lines KATO III, NCI-N87, MKN1, and AGS following a 4-week subjection with 8.61 × 105 particles/mL of PSMPLs (9.5–11.5 μm) [169]. All of the cell lines saw enhanced rates of migration and proliferation after being exposed, and all but NCI-N87 cells experienced induction of invasion. Following the PSMPLs treatment, the examined cell lines showed an increase in the expression of the CD44 marker. It has been suggested that CD44 + cells are human gastric cancer stem cells. Additionally, the scientists showed that all of the chosen cell lines developed resistance to various anticancer medications as a result of exposure to PSMPLs.

In recent study, Park et al. (2023) indicated that polyproptin deputies insisted 169 cancer cells and explain the two -hour cellular cells, and in addition to cells in the cell.fromPPMMMMmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmto reduced to Turummas (171, 172). On interesting findings, that the unwanted epithelial epithelial cells in the PPMPS.The biological inspections for the person's chest (M13SV1) and the cancer software resources of different dimensions (0.5 μm, 1.0 μm and 4.5 μm) were registered by the TNBC lines.Roads.

In the children of pregnant and female nursing mice, the exposure of mothers against PS-NPS during pregnancy and lactation is found to affect the function of the norological stoms, change the composition of the nerve cells and the potential of the brain cells and the potential of the brain cells and the potential of the brain.Microsons per day.However, at higher the expense levels (500 cabs per day), there is a significant decrease in the number of reproductive cells and pre-productive cells indicating a specific marker for neurological stem cells.In addition, the neurological effects with the inhibition of Acetilcholine and acetyilus (pain) (pain) (pain).It shown micopasastic to contain accidative pressure and impaired neurological dysfunction [173].

The results of the Future of OneCogenic Assembly Showing by Y W WNG ET WORG ET WORG, in their very closest way.Extra, skin cells (Hacat cell) found in the Micro3 and ill-skinty skin bright skin skin of the skin of the skin.

The review is a lack of screens a strike factor, and the amount of slopes and density in different times.May have been caused or caused by the processes.After 24-8 and 48, Burreepraithe-b stoves are treated (50-50 μgs), 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μg, 5-50 μgs.However, only the highest amount (50) and 24 hours (odd), only a tk 6 cell and drug cage.Compared to PS-NP-NPS-PC-PCs (005) [0.05 (1.50.m), and the damaged by various donuts and various disciples were assessed.Once 24 hours had been effective, PS-NPS (100 μg / ml) and PM (50 μg (50 μg), but not in the whole WBC

In the in vitro human intestinal barrier models (consisting of a culture of differentiated Caco-2/HT29 intestinal cells and a triculture containing Caco-2/HT29/Raji-B cells), exposure to various concentrations (ranging from 1 to 100 µg/mL) of PS-NPs (with an average size of approximately 50 nm) did not result in a significant increase in cellular-specific DNA damage. This was determined through comet assay analysis after 24 h of exposure. Despite the findings showing a clear absorption of PS-NPs, the absence of DNA-damaging effects may be explained by the negligible formation of ROS [93]. The sole in vitro investigation showcasing findings on the formation of MPs during an extended exposure used undifferentiated Caco-2 cells subjected to pristine PS-NPs (50 nm; 0.26 µg/cm2) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, as well as on a weekly basis until week 8. After two weeks of exposure, internalisation peaked, and PS-NPs continued to accumulate inside the cells at a steady rate throughout the next weeks [82]. Nevertheless, the comet test did not reveal any DNA damage in undifferentiated Caco-2 cells treated with PS-NPs (50–100 nm; 10 and 100 µg/mL) for eight weeks. However, the expression of a couple of genes linked to oxidative stress (HO1 and SOD2) increased in proportion to the dosage. In an alternate study, the comet assay was used to assess the genotoxic effects of PS-NPs (0.05 μm, 25 µg/mL) and co-exposure of PS-NPs with sodium arsenite (AsIII) (25 µg/mL / 2 µM) on mouse embryonic fibroblasts that are susceptible to oxidative damage (Ogg1 /π) [166]. After a 12-week chronic treatment with PS-NPs alone, the findings indicated a considerable increase in DNA damage caused by both oxidative and non-oxidative processes.

The important work of Brynzak-Schreiber et al. provides insights into MP dynamics in human colon cancer cells.It highlights important factors associated with cancer progression.[177] This study highlights two difficulties associated with MPs in cancer etiology: (i) their ability to persist and bioaccumulate in cancer tissue, and (ii) their possible role as metastatic agents by affecting cancer cell migration and cell-to-cell spread.The study showed that PS particles of different sizes (0.25 μm, 1 μm, and 10 μm) were efficiently taken up by various CRC cells (HT29, HCT116, SW480, and SW620) during the diffusion process, with smaller particles showing increased cellular uptake.Absorption is significantly affected by particle size, concentration, contact time and exposure time.and cell line-specific properties, with HCT116 cells having the highest internalization efficiency [177] Furthermore, in a 3D spherical tumor model, MPs were preferentially concentrated in non-metastatic areas and necrotic cores.While diffuse areas show reduced particle presence.Endothelial damage, hypothesized to be due to dilution due to cell division, is a significant toxic effect associated with microplastics and nanoplastics.(MP/NP) studies showed that 100 nm PS-NPs were internalized by vascular endothelial cells.They stimulate the formation of autophagosomes.and inhibits autophagy flow.In contrast, 500 nm PS-NPs mainly adhered to the cell membrane.This results in structural damage to the membrane [178].

In Vivo Animal Model of MP/NP-induced Carcinogenesis

Rats and mice in many studies, for twenty four days, including microarabiles and eosinophiles, including sodicts and eosinophiles.In addition to comparison rat in contrast, the mouse of mpls is greater than eozinoalüvitive (the points), mpl status, and cause immigration.Igmunoglobulin e (iGe) and igg1, as well as immunoglobulin e (ot-5 and IL-5 and il-4).Tnf-5 and IL-4).Tnf-5 and IL-4).Compared to HAZAM BRAND CAMPUs, Hige and people who are typical to lack control, unlike mpl leaders have higher igg1.OjSc-inflammato method (what-1) is associated with radio and map;0.5 ml;0.5 ml;0.5 ml;0.5 ml;0.5 ml; 0.5 ml; 0.5 ml; 0.5 ml; the assessment was made up of choice and colleagues [179].He said.Compared to the management groups without being able to find out, the information founded in PSMpls-treating mouse in the mrna rank.Polyethenemiklastikiklastika (10-150 mkm; 6 mkm mouse six mouse) was made in the blood.The sentences of other cytokins in presentation of other cytocks, which is identified.The presence of blood and lymphocytes in the Duiden mouse, which was given to mkq topls, showing the pain.

Liver inflation in C57BL / 6 MYET in both normal normal conditions (41.54 nm / ml) with 100 μLiF-μ-1β and TNF-α, IL-NPS PS-NP-μm, and detailed drop on HFD on HFD, on HFD, liver atHFD, the liver on the HFD, on the HFD, are faced in HFD.α-smooth LUSCLE ACTIN (α-smoog Luscle actin (α-smoog) are important players. Then cross results with both valuable symptoms from two signs of valuable hepatocellular in. and different research [181] PMPS).After 90 days of expansion, the construction of PSMPL was also placed within cardiomiocytes.1.5 mg / day.

However, the carcinosisan of the carcinozas's carcinosis has recently specified in a study of a animal and completed PT.[160] has reported.[160] The repur has done that the PM can promote the PM.[160] reported that PSS can enhance the pety.[160] reports that can promote PS.[160] reports that can promote PS.(1 1600] रिपोर्टहरूले PP लाई बढावा दिन सक्छ। (1 1600, शारीरिक शब्दकोशको अर्थको परिवर्तनका लागि .Ti एक धेरै आश्चर्यजनक प्रतिक्रिया, र CC-NKII-NKII, N87 कक्षहरू क्यारेक्ट्रेड 2 वा अफिसर स्क्साइल क्र्याक्लन्ट प्रतिरोधी प्रतिरोधी प्रतिरोधी प्रतिरोधी प्रतिरोधी छ।

Evidence that you have just showed significant relationship between microplastic (MPS), even polptyrereen nanoplastic (CAC), the importance of the colitis skin colitis (UC).VIVO and in the damaged by piro trooping lipid, causing an anticipated tension, causing an anticipated tension, causing the DNA damage [12].In a Sky / DSS Design Model Model, Virector to PS-NPS increases the levels of an increased oxygen, tightly oxygen.Lipid water in CAC-Pagogenesis.Also, the following stren 16 has expressed that PS-NPS switches collections of muscular enumicilus and reduction to Dermdisbilu and the promotion of advancement of tumfo.

Change of cancer microbiotic changes by deputy

The data makes the influence of MPS easier to change quickly, promotes dyniosis associated with metabolic causes [123].Many workers that hospital shows in MPS and NPS adjustments to change the microbita version, lead to dysbiosis.And et al.Reported that small microPoPlamiTats found a great change in the bacteria of the bacteria of the intestinal, especially Alestipis and type of pastacdes [184].Li ef.Reported a large increase in the inhabitants of parabactertodes and Staphyloccus after exposed [185], but Li et al.Practical report, including α-proobocteria and SengesosP.found a great piece in microorganism [186].

ការសិក្សាសម្គាល់បានធ្វើឡើងដោយក្រុមហ៊ុន Tian et al.the ការប៉ះពាល់រ៉ាំរ៉ៃបានផ្លាស់ប្តូរអតិសុខុមប្រាណដែលបានផ្លាស់ប្តូរដោយការកើនឡើងប្រភេទនៃ allobaculummucily និង allobaculumfili ត្រូវបានផ្សារភ្ជាប់យ៉ាងខ្លាំងចំពោះជំងឺពោះវៀន (IBD) [187] [187] ។These bacteria can coordinate the protection of the protection of the intestinal lubricants expanding inflammation of the mucus [188].Arthritia and Crohn are risks that illustrate the Cancer related to the CCHR (CC) [189, 190].Instead, many studies have highlighted the effects of anti-ORDOL drugs on reducing cancer development related to dingerosis (CSC) [191, 191].Due to this issue, MP changes to Dysbiosis, especially the proliferation of pacrical taxi and the bacterial reduction can increase the risk of developing CC [120].The exposure to chronic illness is increasing mechanical enhancement, so that the stress of increasing roads of codia, including coww tissue.More evidence shows that micro-micro-micro-microphone changes can have a negative effect on the signal of WNT / β Catenin.Using the long-term MPE has reduced metabolism from hypoxanthine, so decrease, so hypoxanthine so decrease, so reduce the greater.Organize the original that necessary for maintaining homostasis epithelial Hyithelial [129].In addition, lipopolysaccharides (LPS) walk on damaged barriers can continue to receive the interest of the tolls and nf-κbignigning.And the hepatic, erperatic, irritate the harmful harm of activation and inflammation (such as Pi3k / Act) and NF-β Catenin) Promoting cancer.

Support for provision of inflammation, inflammation and oncogenic of MPS / NPS

Obviously, extensive attention was paid to the immune toxicity and growth of cancer caused by MPS/NP.Studies have shown that MPS-NP create an inflammatory reaction by producing excessive ROS production that activates the antioxidant system through the NRF-2/KEAP-1 track [193].Activated, which in turn activates ERK and P38 limited to the core.These anchogenic signaling genes based on phosphorus, which in turn reduce the mechanism of apoptosis and cell death.At the same time, the act of phosphoriasis leads to a loss of control of Foxo1, which is important gene control.In addition, the activated ERK also causes fat that causes toxic lipoxite.As a result, activation of NFKB and MAPK signaling pathways using MPS-NP via ROS may be a possible signaling path that causes anchugin.Acute and chronic coordination through a complex interaction network.Anti -phanty symmetry, produced mainly by various cells, absorbs leukocytes into areas of infection or injury [194] and [191].In addition, research shows that MPS can change the expression of MRNA, representatives can cause inflammation in mammal cells, zebra and bacteria larvae [195] NF-KB, a key controller of anti-inflammatory signal, is known for regulating inflammatory genes including cytokines and adhesive molecules, troll (TLR)., They play an important role at the beginning of the inflammatory routes.Although these receptors have structural changes, they show similar signaling activities in the face of an inflammatory stimulus, including the recruitment of MyD88, activation of the IKK complex and subsequent NF-KB stimulation.NF-KB, which in turn strengthens inflammatory transcription programs.Further studies on the mechanisms of risk signals caused by MEPs are decisive for a deeper understanding of people's safety reactions.Normally, NF-KB due to its relationship to the inhibitor, IAB [196].Phosphorils and allows NF-KB to enter the core.Podgroup P65 activated into the nucleus directly by increasing the expression of inflammatory factors such as several cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNFA, IL-8 and IL-12), and chemicals (CCL2, CCC2, 11 and CCCC2, 11 and CCL1 related[197].

Identify a nesting exposure and be able to identify important connections to future investigation and future investigation policy – ​​real world interference with real world intervention:

Biomarker Discovery and Exposure Supervisory Supervisory

The most important thing is to showcase the MP / NP revelations and the constant person who recently identified the amount of micron (recently MP3 tests] the amount of blood and blood can cause negative research that covers the rating (eg, the damage of the string) in the string that can reveal and work on a patient's review.

Members / NPus can blow the human body across the dirt and dirty environment.Ingestion, inhalation, and skin connections include the body.Many care is a limited understanding of how to exposure to the environment.It can transmit microflues, with particle particles with PM2.5 (diameter μm) and facilitate the transmission of organisms.The head of this title is the head of investigating, micropores, micropores and its potential health consequences.The community, people are rarely inserting our knowledge of our knowledge [200] micro-site science is defined as half defined in their own form, colors, size, and multi-orimavelos.Roslan et al.The MPs showed and detecting the mp member of the human tissue.In addition, the letter showed the micro-style of various human tissues and fluid.However, it is necessary to explore the relationship between micropoint and their sources and harmful effects.Exposed.Increasing investigations are required to understand the extension strategies of developing micro tone rewards and exposure strategies.Strict action should be taken to control the study of corruption to control corruption to limit the pollution of pollution.Huang and others.(2022) Using Laser Infractions and infrared microscopic image and infrared microscope depiction in patients with various respiratory conditions [202].

Research indicates that MPs can disrupt normal metabolic processes, provoke oxidative stress, and elicit neurotoxic, genotoxic, and inflammatory responses. Despite this, our understanding of the toxicity associated with microplastics remains limited. Key challenges ahead include elucidating the toxicological mechanisms of MPs, both individually and in conjunction with other environmental factors, as well as determining how MPs are absorbed by intestinal cells and how they translocate into the bloodstream and target tissues. Investigations into immune response modulation have focused on transcription factors, notably NF-κB, which plays a crucial role in inflammatory responses and is expressed in macrophages to initiate inflammation [202]. Bergamaschi et al. (2023) conducted a thorough analysis of biomarkers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity, revealing significant findings through in vitro studies with human cells, including cancer cell lines, exposed to MPs/NPs. Their research highlighted both increases and decreases in various reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation-related markers, such as SOD, GSH, CAT, GST, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-10, and NF-κB. Additionally, Roursgaard et al. (2022) investigated the toxicity of different sizes and types of MPs on various animal tissues. They found that exposure to polypropylene (PP) (0.08–0.25 μm) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) (0.2–0.6 μm) led to a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage within hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial cell lines after exposure to PET when compared to control cells. Consequently, the biomarkers study could serve as a valuable foundation for examining the impacts of MPs and NPs in occupational contexts, ultimately aiding in the understanding of their negative effects on human health, including cancer risk [203, 204]. Thus, the biomarkers are not just academic benchmarks; they represent a critical starting point for investigating the effects of MPs and NPs in occupational settings. Ultimately, the understanding of the adverse health implications posed by MPs/NPs, including their potential links to cancer. The inhibition of adaptive anticancer immunity also plays a role in shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME). MPs/NPs facilitate the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 cells, which are linked to T cell exhaustion. They also enhance the expression of various cytokines and immune checkpoint proteins, such as IL-1β, IL-17, CTLA-4, and PD-1, within the colon. This cascade results in the establishment of an inflamed and immunosuppressive TME, thereby advancing colon tumor development. Considering the prolonged presence of MPs in the human body, the resulting inflammatory cytokines may contribute to a cancer-favorable inflammatory environment [132]. Furthermore, Zhang et, al. (2025) showed that MPs were detected in breast cancer patient tissues, resulting in mitochondrial damage and inducing autophagy in breast cancer cells as well. Subsequently, the expression and accumulation of IL-17 were found to be significantly increased in breast cancer tissues and cells upon exposure to MPs/NPs. Thus, the IL-17-mediated signalling pathway can be targeted in MPs-induced carcinomas [149]. However, anti-IL-17 therapies, which include medications that inhibit the function of IL-17, can be used to treat various disorders. While, it is not a direct remedy for MPs/NPs related disorders, IL-17 is involved in inflammation, making it a potentially relevant factor for studying the effects of MPs on health. The current knowledge regarding the toxicity of MPs/NPs is inadequate, resulting in significant challenges when evaluating their effects on human health. This limitation arises from several factors, including the insufficient sensitivity and specificity of existing detection methods for MPs and NPs. Furthermore, laboratory investigations assessing the health effects of MPs often fail to replicate real-world exposure conditions. Currently, there are no clinically validated detection strategies for MPs and NPs, and much of the existing research focuses primarily on short-term or acute exposure effects. Additionally, there is a lack of exploration into how MPs and NPs differentially impact vulnerable groups, particularly children and the elderly, while potential health risks associated with chronic or low-dose exposure are frequently overlooked. The scarcity of long-term studies examining the chronic effects of MPs on human health is a notable knowledge gap. Research is also deficient in exploring the long-term health outcomes of MP exposure, with a significant absence of epidemiological data investigating the relationship between MP exposure and the onset of chronic diseases. Therefore, it is essential to conduct long-term cohort studies that systematically track participants’ exposure to various types and concentrations of MPs over time and assess their correlation with health issues, including inflammatory diseases and cancer [205, 206]. Research from both epidemiological and experimental perspectives highlights the pressing need for clinical studies to clarify the link between MPs and cancer. The issue is particularly critical in biomedicine, given that cancer continues to be the leading cause of death despite improvements in diagnostic and treatment options.

Male and epidemiological research

To date, most of the evidence associate with cancer is laboratory models;There is an urgent need to expand these conclusions per person.To assess the real impact of microplastic impact on cancer risk and results, long -term patients -focused studies should be performed.This will require large -scale epidemiological studies to track microplastic impact (due to the environmental monitoring and biomarker), as well as cancer disease in different groups.Particular attention should be paid to the most open groups, such as communities living in areas with serious plastic pollution, or workers in the fields that produce a large number of microplastics to find out whether their cancer cancer lines exceed.Thematic studies can indicate the analysis of the content of microplasty in tumor tissue compared to the normal tissue of cancer patients, may understand whether the tumors seek to accumulate these particles, or or patients with certain cancer types have a higher severity of MPS/NPS.In addition to the disease studies, clinical studies on cancer patients can study, or can those who have a higher number of microplasty, have different trajectories or treatment reactions.Ultimately, this approach, focused on the patient, will bring mechanistic ideas about the reality of public health, providing a scientific basis to assess the risks and development of politics.

Treatment purposes and clinical management

Because we provide ways to develop microproplastics, these are so many methods to intervene.One side of the future is to reduce pharmacies or lifestyles that require / np.Agency or antioxiidants can be for high-existence models or to reduce these effects on dangerous population.May re-assess basic drug opportunities: anti-sitochine biopies (like il-17 or il-6 inhibitors) intended mp-mp-pignik.Microoding drugs can take drugs.

Another consideration is how Microplitic may affect cancer outcomes.Patients or animals with microxiluary burdens respond otherwise to chemotherapy or immunotherapy.Researchers have designed biodegradable polymer nanopases, chemotherapeutics or immunomodulators.[114]

While promised, requires this approach to Michic Safety to ensure that this therapeutic braines do no new risks.In summary, future cancer research might intend to serve the noxious effects at PSS exposure to MPs, but also to capitalize the beneficial use of resin particles in treatment regress.

People's rules and health

Have a significant impact for the microputscaisuteiSiveSite techniques.The risk of cancer danger of a freedom of cancer is aware of particle of countermeas, sifes, crips by the international food halls.Strategically ignitability, plated greening procession expand, expand, and reduce the producer of manufacturers extends.

From a public health perspective, raising community awareness is critical.Educating the public on simple measures such as reducing single-use plastics, controlling household dust, and proper ventilation to reduce microfibers indoors can help people limit exposure.In the meantime, health care providers can consider counseling at-risk populations about the potential dangers of long-term exposure to plastic.Microplastics as part of preventive health.

In the end, clinics, clinics and policy makers must protect the number of scientific visuals and guidelines.

Relevance and chronic exposure will be addressed in future research.

An important disability in the current church rotic toxicology is to face the concession levels and the high concentrations of high concentrations, to make a measure of measurable response.The dose of parlemons, inhalation, intake of 0.1 to 5 mg, is long-term riding, immuno-contrast, immunity, immunity and tissues-specific.To establish clinical and environmental related exposure, for the cancellation of the gap arderatic, especially in experimental data, by contributing to the translation of MP toxicity studies and human health.

Our review significantly expands the current state of the current art of Deng and others..They, their study provides a new concept of using MP/NP as drug delivery vehicles in cancer therapy, highlighting the dual nature of its potential losses and purposes. When recognizing and appreciating these valuable works, this review develops this developing field by integrating more comprehensive and detailed evidence in previous literature.

First, we introduced newly available data from MP / NPS in human biological models, including tumor tissues, including micronutrients in tumor tissues, so that people are directly exposed to the environment, but also directly to these plastic parts.

Second, this study explains in detail the vitrouss, which shows the cellular and molecular mechanisms, which converts cell and molecular mechanisms using cell and molecular mechanisms, which help signaling and oncogenic modulation.

Third, we magnify Mortimeal Vivo negotiations connected to the gap between Vitro and complex biological systems.

Thus, the screaming testimony highlighted in this vision indicates that the NPs and NPs are not just the Picroronity (TME).Because, because / NPS works up inflammation, including a cytokinus tissue, and to damage the best parts of the cancer, including the glutton, including the Lump2, Kisbim6 ASG42, emphasizes the confusion of their tumor (Fig. 6).This corresponds to the corresponding environment for cancer, progress and metastata.

And the last, the network connection between a micrometic of microptics and the cancer is a complex and interaction relative.And the steering event, TriGGGERS is an advertising problem, debbes policy, Epithelizal Barromise and Microbioma changes.Events in epigencedic freeing and the LOKOGGINE MOBILE SCHOOL ABOUT A NF-KB, WESSING, ARFIDENTS.The pesticides, but also a potential use of problems. The future study must be confidential and advanced this technical and protecting means.

There is no datasets or analyzing any datasets during the current study.

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SP acknowledges Indian Institute of Science, Education and Research, Tirupati, NFSG 2024;AD acknowledges a seed capital grant from Assam Royal Global University [RGU/Ch(Acad)/07/Biochem.(19)].

Report Trumbi Scientific Scientific Science and Tirgs research, NFSG 2024;Assimam's revenues to the University of Livevesaian John [Rgui / chart) / 07 / Biochem. (19)].

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MISHRA, S.K., SANYAL, T., KUNDA, P. et al.Microplasty as developing carcinogens: from pollutants to the environment to oncogenic drivers.